195 kg: old jaw-strength estimate, not bite force

The 195-kg figure appears in teaching materials as an “absolute strength” estimate for jaw-elevating muscles on one side. It is calculated from muscle cross-sectional areas and an assumed specific muscle tension, not a direct measurement of the force with which teeth clamp an object. Modern studies measure bite force in newtons and show large variation by age, sex, dentition, measurement site, and device; one systematic review of jaw models reported a mean around 471 N for adults aged 20–60 (about 48 kgf). Thus, 195 kg should not be presented as a measured unilateral bite force.